Electromagnetism · undergrad

Faraday's Law

A changing magnetic field induces a circulating electric field.

Published Apr 26, 2026 · 1 min

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Integral Form

\oint_{\partial S}\mathbf E\cdot d\mathbf l = -\frac{d}{dt}\int_S \mathbf B\cdot d\mathbf A.

\nabla\times\mathbf E = -\frac{\partial \mathbf B}{\partial t}.

The minus sign encodes Lenz’s law.

A field-first path through electrostatics, induction, and electromagnetic waves.

The four pillars of electromagnetism — differential, integral, and covariant forms in one view.

The differential equation describing fields that propagate at fixed speed.